American adherents of anti-communism, political and ideological opposition to communism. Various political movements, conservatism, liberalism, nationalism, fascism, social democracy, libertarianism, anarchism, socialism, and leftism, possess anti-communist elements, although the first four's anti-communism is more intense than the others. Anti-communism has also been expressed in philosophy, by religious groups, and in literature. Some well-known proponents of anti-communism have also been former communists.