| Mảng | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Vietnam, China |
| Ethnicity | Mảng |
Native speakers | (4,900 (2007 – 2009 census) 3,200 cited 1999 – 2007? census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zng |
| Glottolog | mang1378 |
| ELP | Mang |
Mảng (autonym: [maŋ35]; Chinese: 莽语; pinyin: Mǎngyǔ) is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam, China, and Laos. It is spoken mainly in Lai Châu Province, Vietnam and across the border in Jinping County, China. It was first documented only in 1974.
In China, the Mảng people are also called Chaman (岔满), Abi (阿比), Mengga (孟嘎), Bageran (巴格然), and Mo (莫).[2] They are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Bulang (布朗族) (Jinping County Gazetteer 1994).
Distribution
In Lai Châu Province, Vietnam, Mảng is spoken by 2,200 people in the districts of Sìn Hồ, Mường Tè, Phong Thổ, and in other nearby areas,[2] including in Nậm Ban Township, Sìn Hồ District, Lai Châu Province.[3][4] In China, Mảng speakers numbered 606 people in 1999. The Mảng of China claim to have migrated from Vietnam in recent times. Gao's (2003) Mảng data is from Xinzhai (新寨), Nanke Village (南科村), and Jinshuihe Township (金水河镇[5]).
The Jinping County Gazetteer from the Republic of China period lists 12 Mảng villages: Gongdaniu (公打牛[6]), Luowuzhai (落邬寨), Pinghe (坪河, in Xiazhai 下寨,[7] Zhongzhai 中寨,[8] Shangzhai 上寨), Hetouzhai (河头寨), Guanmuzhai (管木寨), Naxizhai (纳西寨), Bianjiezhai (边界寨), Longshuzhai (龙树寨), Caoguoping (草果坪), and Nanke (南科[9]).
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | short | rounded | unrounded | short | rounded | short | |
| Close | i | ĭ | y | ɨ | ɨ̆ | u | ŭ |
| Mid | e | ĕ | ø | ɤ | ɤ̆ | o | ŏ |
| Open | ɛ | ɛ̆ | œ | a | ă | ɔ | ɔ̆ |
| Diphthong | iə | ɯə | uə | ||||
Diphthongs iə and ɯə are only found in closed syllables, while ua are more common in open syllables.[10]
Consonants
| Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | ||||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | θ | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | ʑ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ (ŋ̊) | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | (w) | ||||
Suprasegmentals (tone, register)
Mang is described as having five tones distributed in unchecked sonorant-final syllables and another two tones in checked syllables.
Lexicon
Numerals
The basic cardinal numbers from 1 to 1000 (transcribed in IPA) are:
| 1 | măk⁶ |
|---|---|
| 2 | ʑɯəi² |
| 3 | pe³ |
| 4 | pun² |
| 5 | hăn² |
| 6 | ʑɔ̆m² |
| 7 | tăm¹ py³ |
| 8 | tăm¹ ham² |
| 9 | tăm¹ θin² |
| 10 | ʑi³ mɛ⁴ |
| 100 | ran⁵~ʑan⁵ |
| 1000 | păn⁵ |
Vocabulary comparison
Comparison of some basic vocabulary words in Mảng with other branches of Austroasiatic:[11]
| Gloss | Mảng | proto-Waic / proto-Palaungic | Khmu | Bolyu | Bugan | proto-Vietic | Mon / Old Mon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘I’ | ʔuː⁴ | *ʔɨʔ / *ʔɔːʔ | ʔoʔ | ʔaːu⁵⁵ | ɔ³¹ | *soː | ʔoa / ʔɔj |
| ‘water’ | ʑum¹ | *rʔom / *ʔoːm | ʔom | nde⁵³ | nda²⁴ | *ɗaːk | dac / ɗaik |
| ‘two’ | ʑɨəj⁴ | *ləʔar / *ləʔaːr | baːr | mbi⁵⁵ | bi³¹ | *haːr | ba / ɓar |
| ‘fire’ | ɲɛ² | *ŋɒl / *ŋal | pʰrɨə | mat³³ | a̠u³¹ | *guːs | kəmot / – |
| ‘blood’ | haːm¹ | *hnam / *snaːm | maːm | saːm⁵³ | sa⁴⁴ | *ʔasaːmʔ | chim / chim |
| ‘five’ | han² | *phɒn / *pəsan | (Tay Hat sɔːŋ) | me³¹ | mi⁴⁴ | *ɗam | pəsɔn / sun |
| ‘eye’ | mat⁷ | *ʔŋaj / *ˀŋaːj | mat | mat⁵³ | mɛ̱³³ | *mat | mòt / mɔt |
Morphosyntax
Mảng is an analytic SVO language. However, unlike surrounding Kra-Dai and Hmong-Mien languages which are entirely absent of inflections, Mảng retains Austroasiatic derivational morphology and case-marking on nouns.[12]
θɔ
dog
cǎp
chase
ta-ɲo
ACC-cat
"The dog chases the cat."
ʔu
1SG
ʔo
give
lam
rice
ʔæŋ-ciəj
DAT-chicken
"I give rice to the chicken."
References
- ↑ Mảng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 Gao (2003), p. 1
- ↑ "Người Mảng". Trang tin điện tử của Ủy ban Dân tộc (in Vietnamese). 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
- ↑ Tạ Văn Thông (2000). "Loại từ trong tiếng Mảng". Loại từ trong các ngôn ngữ ở Việt Nam: Tập I (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học Việt Nam. pp. 229–244.
- ↑ "Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Nánxíng Xīnzhài Cūn" 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会南行新寨村 [Nanxing Xinzhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- ↑ "Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Wūyāpíng Cūnwěihuì Léi Gōngdǎniú Cūn" 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇乌丫坪村委会雷公打牛村 [Lei Gongdaniu Village; Wuyaping Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- ↑ "Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Pínghé Xiàzhài Cūn" 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会坪河下寨村 [Pinghe Xiazhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- ↑ "Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Pínghé Zhōngzhài Cūn" 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会坪河中寨村 [Pinghe Zhongzhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- ↑ "Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Nánkē Lǎozhài Cūn" 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会南科老寨村 [Nanke Laozhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- ↑ Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Northern Austroasiatic languages of MSEA". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 499–546. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-023.
- ↑ Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 179–206. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011. ISBN 9783110558142.
- ↑ Enfield, N. J.; Comrie, Bernard (2015). Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia The State of the Art. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9781501501708. OCLC 909907686.
- Nguyễn Văn Lợi; Nguyễn Hữu Hoành; Tạ Văn Thông (2009). Tiếng Mảng (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
- Nguyễn Hùng Mạnh (2011). Thơ ca dân gian dân tộc Mảng (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa dân tộc. ISBN 978-604-70-0097-5.
- Gao, Yongqi 高永奇 (2003). Mǎngyǔ yánjiū 莽语硏究 [A Study of Mang] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.