Palate

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Wikipedia

Palate
Head and neck.
Palate exhibiting torus palatinus
Details
Identifiers
Latinpalatum
MeSHD010159
TA98A05.1.01.102
TA22778
FMA54549
Anatomical terminology

The palate (/ˈpælɪt/) is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.[1] A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separated. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior, bony hard palate and the posterior, fleshy soft palate (or velum).[2][3]

Structure

Innervation

The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the palate.

Development

The hard palate forms before birth.

Variation

If the fusion is incomplete, a cleft palate results.

Function in humans

When functioning in conjunction with other parts of the mouth, the palate produces certain sounds, particularly velar, palatal, palatalized, postalveolar, alveolopalatal, and uvular consonants.[4]

Evolution

Early synapsids lacked the secondary palate separating the mouth and nasal cavities, with this feature evolving in cynodonts and retained by mammals.[5] Ancestrally in tetrapods, the roof of the mouth has patches of teeth (palatal dentition). These teeth are retained in living lepidosaurian reptiles and modern amphibians and were present in early synapsids and therapsids, but were lost in cynodonts and their mammalian descendants.[6]

History

Etymology

The English synonyms palate and palatum, and also the related adjective palatine (as in palatine bone), are all from the Latin palatum via Old French palat, words that like their English derivatives, refer to the "roof" of the mouth.[7]

The Latin word palatum is of unknown (possibly Etruscan) ultimate origin and served also as a source to the Latin word meaning palace, palatium, from which other senses of palatine and the English word palace derive, and not the other way round.[8]

As the roof of the mouth was once considered the seat of the sense of taste, palate can also refer to this sense itself, as in the phrase "a discriminating palate". By further extension, the flavor of a food (particularly beer or wine) may be called its palate, as when a wine is said to have an oaky palate.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wingerd, Bruce D. (1811). The Human Body Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 0-03-055507-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. ↑ Wingerd, Bruce D. (1994). The Human Body Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. p. 478. ISBN 0-03-055507-8.
  3. ↑ Goss, Charles Mayo (1966). Gray's Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. p. 1172.
  4. ↑ Goss, Charles Mayo (1966). Gray's Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. p. 1201.
  5. ↑ Norton, Luke A.; Abdala, Fernando; Benoit, Julien (3 July 2023). "Craniodental anatomy in Permian–Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural traits". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 378 (1880). doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0084. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 10184251. PMID 37183903.
  6. ↑ Matsumoto, Ryoko; Evans, Susan E. (January 2017). "The palatal dentition of tetrapods and its functional significance". Journal of Anatomy. 230 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1111/joa.12534. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 5192890. PMID 27542892.
  7. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "palate (the entry for)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 10 September 2011. palate – late 14c., 'roof of the mouth,' from O.Fr. palat, from L. palatum 'roof of the mouth,' perhaps of Etruscan origin. Popularly considered the seat of taste, hence transferred meaning 'sense of taste' (1520s).
  8. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "palatine (the entry for)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 10 September 2011. palatine (adj.) – mid-15c., from M.Fr. palatin (15c.), from M.L. palatinus 'of the palace' (of the Caesars), from L. palatium (see palace). Used in English to mean 'quasi-royal authority.' Reference to the Rhineland state is from c.1580.

Bibliography

  • Saladin, Kenneth (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 256.
  • Thompson, Gale (2005–2006). World of Anatomy and Physiology. Thompson Corporation. pp. Palate (Hard and Soft Palate).