Portal:Oceans

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The Oceans Portal
A portal dedicated to oceans, seas, oceanography and related topics

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Icebergs broken off from glaciers in northern Baffin Bay, Cape York, Greenland
A view of Filfla and the Mediterranean Sea. Filfla is a small, mostly barren, uninhabited islet 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) south of Malta.
A view of the Southern Ocean from Great Ocean Road, Port Campbell, Princetown, Victoria, Australia
A view of the South China Sea, Bacuit Archipelago, municipality of El Nido, Palawan, Philippines
A panorama of Zanzibar, Tanzania, particularly the Stone Town, taken from the Indian Ocean
A surfer in the Pacific Ocean at the 2010 Mavericks competition, village of Princeton-by-the-Sea, northern California
A mother sperm whale and her calf in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mauritius
Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean
A sea anemone in the Pacific Ocean, Baja California, Mexico
Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels
Caesio teres in the South Pacific Ocean in Fiji
Satellite view of the Pacific Ocean and the main windward Hawaiian Islands
A view of Myrtos Beach and the Ionian Sea, Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece

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Introduction

Main five oceans division:

Further subdivision:

Marginal seas

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The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth. The ocean is conventionally divided into large bodies of water, which are also referred to as oceans (in descending order by area: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Antarctic/Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean), and are themselves mostly divided into seas, gulfs and subsequent bodies of water. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere, acting as a huge reservoir of heat for Earth's energy budget, as well as for its carbon cycle and water cycle, forming the basis for climate and weather patterns worldwide. The ocean is essential to life on Earth, harbouring most of Earth's animals and protist life, originating photosynthesis and therefore Earth's atmospheric oxygen, still supplying half of it. (Full article...)

A sea is a large body of salt water. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the ocean, the interconnected body of seawaters that spans most of Earth. Particular seas are either marginal seas, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the Mediterranean Sea), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. (Full article...)

Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean' and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. (Full article...)

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Deep-sea exploration is the investigation of physical, chemical, and biological conditions on the ocean waters and sea bed beyond the continental shelf, for scientific or commercial purposes. Deep-sea exploration is an aspect of underwater exploration and is considered a relatively recent human activity compared to the other areas of geophysical research, as the deeper depths of the sea have been investigated only during comparatively recent years. The ocean depths still remain a largely unexplored part of the Earth, and form a relatively undiscovered domain.

Scientific deep-sea exploration can be said to have begun when French scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace investigated the average depth of the Atlantic Ocean by observing tidal motions registered on Brazilian and African coasts circa the late 18th or early 19th century. However, the exact date of his investigation is unknown. He calculated the depth to be 3,962 metres (12,999 ft), a value later proven quite accurate by echo-sounding measurement techniques. Later on, due to increasing demand for the installment of submarine cables, accurate measurements of the sea floor depth were required and the first investigations of the sea bottom were undertaken. The first deep-sea life forms were discovered in 1864 when Norwegian researchers Michael Sars and Georg Ossian Sars obtained a sample of a stalked crinoid at a depth of 3,109 m (10,200 ft). (Full article...)

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Croatian oceanographer Mira Zore-Armanda had difficulty gaining passage on research vessels because she was a woman.

The Swedish American Line was the first transatlantic shipping company to operate a diesel-engined ocean liner.

American actress Susan Oliver, after surviving a plane crash that almost ended her life, became the first woman to fly a single-engined aircraft solo from New York City across the Atlantic Ocean.

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Selected list articles and Marine habitat topics

Marine habitats
Coastal habitats
Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Mangrove forests Seagrass meadows Kelp forests Coral reefs Continental shelf Neritic zone
Ocean surface
Surface microlayer Epipelagic zone
Open ocean
Pelagic zone Oceanic zone
Sea floor
Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Brine pools Demersal zone Benthic zone Marine sediment
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Tasks

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Here are some tasks awaiting attention:

Article requests : List of oceanographers, create a comprehensive article on Concentrations of marine debris out of all the gyre and "garbage patch" articles
Copyedit : Draft:Terrance (octopus)
Expand : Coral Sea, Endeavour Strait, Greenland Sea, Solomon Sea
Photo : find images for Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in the oceans
Stubs : Oceanography stub articles, Marine geography stub articles, Aleutian Trench, Bellingshausen Sea, Caernarfon Bay, Gerlache Strait, Gulf of Oman, Iceland Sea, Draft:Terrance (octopus)
Update : Botany Bay, Wilkins Sound, Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep
Verify : Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Bering Sea, Gulf of Aden, Iceberg B-15, Ionian Sea, Japan Trench, Moreton Bay, Sound (geography), Timor Sea
Other : add ISBNs and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from Aral Sea; check La Belle (ship) for GA status; improve citations or footnotes and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from MS Estonia

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General images - show new batch

The following are images from various ocean-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 2Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." (from Southern Ocean)
Image 3The British invasion of Isle de France on 29 November 1810 during the Napoleonic Wars (from Indian Ocean)
Image 4Minke whale (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 5Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 6MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 7On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a Twin Otter is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 8Cod fishery in Norway (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 9Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 10The Andaman Negritos are thought to be the first inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 11The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 12
Upwelling in the Southern Ocean
(from Southern Ocean)
Image 13A Ring of Fire; the Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. This map does not show the Cascadia subduction zone along part of the west coast of North America, whose trench is completely buried in sediments. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 14For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 15The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), including Hudson Bay (some of which is south of 57°N latitude, off the map) and all other marginal seas. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 16The Atlantic Gyres influenced the Portuguese discoveries and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("Carreira da Índia"), which would be developed in subsequent years. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 17The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 18The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 19Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 20Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast (from Indian Ocean)
Image 21"Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)
Image 22According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 23A copepod (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 241911 South Polar Regions exploration map (from Southern Ocean)
Image 25Location of the Southern Ocean gyres (from Southern Ocean)
Image 26Emanuel Bowen's 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 27Banks of the northwest Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 28Universalis Cosmographia, also known as the Waldseemüller map, dated 1507, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered the New World and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 29A bathymetric/topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 30As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).
Image 31Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 32Madagascar's elephant bird, Mauritius's dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right) (from Indian Ocean)
Image 33Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 34The Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage via Canadian Inland Waters. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 35Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast in 2008 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 36Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 37Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 38Banks of the northeast Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 39Pacific Ocean currents have created three islands of debris. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 40Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 41Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 42An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) map of the Pacific (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 43Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 441937 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
Image 45The three major cultural areas of the Pacific Ocean islands: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 46USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840 (from Southern Ocean)
Image 47Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 48A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia (from Southern Ocean)
Image 49Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 50Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
Image 51Manganese nodule (from Southern Ocean)
Image 52The 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 53Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.
Image 54A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia (from Southern Ocean)
Image 55Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 56A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 57In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 58Frank Hurley: As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (Endurance trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 59Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 60The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southward since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 61James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy (from Southern Ocean)
Image 62Walruses on Arctic ice floe (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 63The Kennedy Channel. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 64An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island, USS Atka, and USS Glacier near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 (from Southern Ocean)
Image 65Bahama Banks (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 66Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 67The Arctic region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm, with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) in July. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 68Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 69Admiral von Bellingshausen (from Southern Ocean)
Image 70Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. Tops of thunderclouds are also visible. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 71Coral reefs of the Maldives (from Indian Ocean)
Image 72Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait. As the stratification is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 73Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 74Aldabra giant tortoise from the islands of the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles (from Indian Ocean)
Image 75The Aethiopian Ocean depicted in a 1710 French map of Africa (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 76"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century (from Southern Ocean)
Image 77Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 78Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 79Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 80Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 81Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 82Tarawa Atoll in Kiribati (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 83A stratovolcano in Ulawun on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 84The bathyscaphe Trieste before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 85Thule archaeological site (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 86False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 87An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel Nisshin Maru. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 88In 2020, Japanese Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 89The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 90Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 911928 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
Image 92Three polar bears approach USS Honolulu near the North Pole. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 93A Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971, before the British expelled the islanders. He spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were likely brought as slaves in the 19th century. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 94The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 95Agulhas Bank (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 96Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 97Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 98Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas, including the Grœnlendinga saga, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 99During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 100Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1st century CE (from Indian Ocean)
Image 101Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, U.S. in 2020 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 102Major ocean trade routes in the world include the northern Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 103Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 104A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 105Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 106Regional Working Group zones for SOOS (from Southern Ocean)

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In the news

12 February 2026 – 2025–26 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season: At least 31 people are killed, 36 others are injured, and several are missing as Cyclone Gezani makes landfall in Madagascar. (DW)
6 February 2026 –: Three men, including the pilot, are killed when a light aircraft crashes into the ocean off Goolwa South, South Australia. (Reuters)
5 February 2026 – United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear: The United States Navy strikes a boat suspected of transporting illegal narcotics in the Eastern Pacific, killing two people. (Reuters)
5 February 2026 –: The Moldovan parliament ratifies the United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty. (Parliament of Moldova)
4 February 2026 – 2025 North Sea ship collision: A cargo ship captain is sentenced to six years in prison for gross negligence after his ship collided with an oil tanker in the North Sea off the coast of East Riding of Yorkshire, England, UK, in 2025, killing one person. (BBC News)

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Topics

v t e Earth's oceans and seas
Antarctic/Southern Ocean	Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Arctic Ocean	Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Pechora Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea
Atlantic Ocean	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea American Mediterranean Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Lion Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Sidra Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Sea of Marmara Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean	Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean	Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea West Philippine Sea Yellow Sea
Endorheic basins	Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
Others	Ancient oceans Ocean Sea Superocean
Oceans portal Category

v t e Physical oceanography
Waves	Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin–Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Miche criterion Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Draupner wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes drift Stokes problem Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave nonlinearity Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave–current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind fetch Wind setup Wind wave model
Circulation	Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean current Ocean dynamical thermostat Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Overflow Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface ocean current Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool Wind generated current World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Tides	Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack tide Theory of tides Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline
Landforms	Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Carbonate platform Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Knoll Ocean bank Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano
Plate tectonics	Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis Volcanic arc
Ocean zones	Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash
Sea level	Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea-level curve Sea level drop Sea level rise World Geodetic System
Acoustics	Deep scattering layer Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics
Satellites	Jason-1 OSTM/Jason-2 Jason-3
Related	Acidification Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Explorations Observations Reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean temperature Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Outline of oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Stratification Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas
Category Commons Oceans portal

Ocean currents and gyres

Currents

Arctic Ocean	East Greenland North Icelandic Norwegian Transpolar Drift Stream
Atlantic Ocean	Angola Antilles Azores Baffin Island Benguela Brazil Canary Cape Horn Caribbean East Greenland East Iceland Falkland Florida Guinea Gulf Stream Irminger Labrador Lomonosov Loop North Atlantic North Brazil North Equatorial Norwegian Portugal South Atlantic South Equatorial West Greenland West Spitsbergen
Indian Ocean	Agulhas Agulhas Return East Madagascar Equatorial Counter Indian Monsoon Indonesian Throughflow Leeuwin Madagascar Mozambique North Madagascar Somali South Equatorial West Australian
Pacific Ocean	Alaska Aleutian California Cromwell Davidson East Australian East Korea Warm Equatorial Counter Humboldt Indonesian Throughflow Kamchatka Kuroshio Mindanao North Equatorial North Korea Cold North Pacific Oyashio South Equatorial Tasman Front
Southern Ocean	Antarctic Circumpolar Tasman Outflow

Gyres

Major gyres	Indian Ocean Gyre North Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre North Pacific Gyre South Pacific Gyre
Other gyres	Beaufort Gyre Ross Gyre Weddell Gyre

Environment portal Oceans portal

v t e Mid-ocean ridges
Present	Central Indian Chile East Pacific Explorer Gakkel Gorda Juan de Fuca Mid-Atlantic Pacific-Antarctic South American-Antarctic Southeast Indian Southwest Indian
Former	Aegir Alpha Antarctic-Phoenix Kula-Farallon Mid-Labrador Osbourn Trough Pacific-Farallon Pacific-Kula
Geology portal Oceans portal

Marine aquatic ecosystem components

Marine	Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine) f-ratio Food web Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical-biological process Primary production Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson's rule Upwelling Viral shunt Whale fall More...
Marine life	Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep-water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Prokaryotes Protists Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Viruses Wild fisheries
Marine habitats	Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools
Issues	Coral bleaching Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Human impact on marine life Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area
Ecology portal Marine life portal Oceans portal

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v t e African seas
Oceans and seas	Alboran Sea Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Levantine Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Southern Ocean
Gulfs and bays	Abu Qir Bay Acheïl Dakhlet Al Hoceima Bay Algiers Bay Algoa Bay Ambas Bay Ana Chaves Bay Angra de Cintra Antongil Bay Antsiranana Bay Arab's Gulf Baía Almeida Baía da Condúcia Baía da Corimba Baía de Mocambo Baía de Mossuril Baía de Namibe Baia de Porto Amboim Baía de Santa Marta Baía de Sucujaque Baía de Tombua Baía do Ambriz Baía do Bengo Baía do Dande Baía do Govuro Baía do Lúrio Baía do Nzeto Baía do Suto Baie de Gorée Baie de Sangareya Bandombaai Bay of Anfile Bay of Arguin Bay of Arzew Bay of Aseb Bay of Beylul Bay of Edd Bay of Hawakil Bay of Langarano Bay of Saint-Augustin Bay of Tangier Benguela Bay Bera'esoli Betty's Bay Bight of Benin Bight of Biafra Bocock's Bay Bombetoka Bay Bootbaai Bosluisbaai Cabinda Bay Cape Cross Bay Cape Negro Bay Chake-Chake Bay Chameis Bay Chwaka Bay Conception Bay Cuio Bay Dakhlet Nouadhibou Dalwakteah Bay Deurloopbaai Doringbaai Dungonab Bay Durissa Bay Elands Bay Enseada das Pombas Enseada de São Braz Enseada do Catumbo Enseada do Chalungo Enseada do Quicombo Enseada do Quitungo Enseada dos Três Irmãos Equimina Bay False Bay Farta Bay Fernao Veloso Bay Foul Bay Frederik se Baai Ghoubbet-el-Kharab Grosse Bucht Gulf of Aden Gulf of 'Agig Gulf of Gabès Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Hammamet Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Suez Gulf of Tadjoura Gulf of Tunis Gulf of Zula Hafun Bay South Hann Bay Harrison Cove Henties Bay Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē Horingbaai Hottentotsbaai Hurdiyo Hydra Bay Inhambane Bay Jammer Bucht John Owen Bay Kalawy Bay Kiwaiyu Bay Lambert Bay Lamu Bay Langbaai Loango Bay Lobito Bay Luanda Bay Lüderitz Bay McDougall Bay Manza Bay Maputo Bay Markusbaai Memba Bay Menai Bay Meob Bay Mietjie Frans se Baai Moraha Bahir Selat’ē Mossel Bay Möwebaai Noopbaai Oran Gulf Pemba Bay Pipas Bay Plaatjieskraalbaai Platbaai Plettenbergbaai Pointe-Noire Bay Porto Alexandre, Angola Prinzen Bucht Río de Oro Bay Rock Bay Roode Bay Rooiwalbaai Saint Francis Bay Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape) St Helena Bay Saint Sebastian Bay Saldanha Bay Sandwich Harbour Sierra Bay Skoonbergbaai Skurfbaai Slangbaai Sodwana Bay Sofala Bay Somnaasbaai Spencer Bay Spoegrivierbaai Struisbaai Swartstraat Table Bay Thysbaai Tietiesbaai Ungama Bay Walker Bay Walvis Bay (bay) Yawri Bay Yof Bay
Straits	Bab-el-Mandeb Bab Iskender Canal de Bolama Canal de Bolola Canal de Caió Canal de São Vicente Canal do Meio Guardafui Channel Mafia Channel Massawa Channel Mozambique Channel‎ Pemba Channel Shubuk Channel Strait of Gibraltar Strait of Sicily Straits of Tiran Tigres Strait Zanzibar Channel
Historical seas	Aethiopian Sea Erythraean Sea Sea of Zanj
Africa portal Oceans portal

v t e Coastal geography
Landforms	Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff-top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Hapua Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Liman Lagoon Machair Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Ria Salt marsh Shoal Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Waituna Windwatt
Beaches	Beach cusps Beach evolution Beach ridge Beach wrack Beaches in estuaries and bays Beachrock Coastal morphodynamics Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin
River mouths	Debouch Mouth bar River delta mega regressive
Processes	Blowhole Cliffed coast Coastal biogeomorphology Coastal erosion Concordant coastline Current Cuspate foreland Discordant coastline Emergent coastline Feeder bluff Flat coast Graded shoreline Ingression coast Large-scale coastal behaviour Longshore drift Marine regression Marine transgression Raised shoreline Rip current Rocky shore Sea cave Sea foam Shoal peresyp Steep coast Submergent coastline Surf break Surf zone Surge channel Swash Undertow Volcanic arc Wave-cut platform Wave shoaling Wind fetch Wind wave
Management	Accretion Coastal management Integrated coastal zone management Submersion
Related	Bulkhead line Coastal engineering Grain size boulder clay cobble granule gravel pebble sand shingle silt Intertidal zone Littoral zone Physical oceanography Region of freshwater influence River plume
Category

v t e Indonesian seas
East Indian Archipelago
Ocean	Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean
Sea	Andaman Sea Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Celebes Sea Flores Sea Halmahera Sea Java Sea Molucca Sea Natuna Sea Philippine Sea Savu Sea Seram Sea South China Sea Timor Sea
Strait	Alas Strait Alor Strait Badung Strait Bali Strait Bangka Strait Berhala Strait Dampier Strait Gaspar Strait Karimata Strait Laut Strait Lombok Strait Madura Strait Makassar Strait Malacca Strait Mentawai Strait Ombai Strait Pitt Strait Riau Strait Rupat Strait Sape Strait Selayar Strait Singapore Strait Sumba Strait Sunda Strait Wetar Strait
Gulf	Ambon Bay Balikpapan Bay Berau Gulf Bintuni Bay Boni Gulf Cenderawasih Bay Jakarta Bay Lampung Bay Palabuhanratu Bay Saleh Bay Semangka Bay Tolo Gulf Tomini Gulf Yos Sudarso Bay
Indonesia portal Oceans portal

Law of the sea

Sources of law
of the sea

Global	Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 Geneva Conventions Second Geneva Convention Third Geneva Convention Fourth Geneva Convention Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees UNCLOS I Conventions Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone Convention on the Continental Shelf Convention on the High Seas Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea OPRC Convention MARPOL 73/78 Seabed Arms Control Treaty SOLAS Convention STCW Convention London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter Ballast Water Management Convention International Plant Protection Convention International Health Regulations Aquatic Animal Health Code Terrestrial Animal Health Code Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Hague–Visby Rules Rotterdam Rules
Specific international straits	Copenhagen Convention of 1857 Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919) Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936) Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979) Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
Maritime canals of global significance	Convention of Constantinople Torrijos–Carter Treaties
Other regional and local	Treaties establishing UN FAO regional fisheries bodies and arrangements UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans List of maritime boundary treaties

Main and related
concepts

International courts

History

Geneva Naval Conference

v t e List of Australian seas
Ocean	Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean
Sea	Arafura Sea Coral Sea Tasman Sea Timor Sea
Strait	Backstairs Passage Bass Strait Clarence Strait Dundas Strait Endeavour Strait Investigator Strait Torres Strait
Gulf	Admiralty Gulf Beagle Gulf Cambridge Gulf Gulf of Carpentaria Great Australian Bight Exmouth Gulf Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Gulf St Vincent Spencer Gulf Van Diemen Gulf
Australia portal Oceans portal

v t e Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Basins	Foxe Basin
Bays	Baffin Bay Bay of Biscay Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Bothnian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Pottles Bay
Channels	English Channel
Gulfs	Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Lion Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Sidra Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela
Seas	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea American Mediterranean Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea Greenland Sea Icarian Sea Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea Kattegat Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Sea of Marmara Skagerrak Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Oceans portal

Marine pollution

v t e Marine protected areas
Marine protected areas by nation	List of marine protected areas Australia Canada MPAs NMCAs Italy South Africa United Kingdom Scotland United States Alaska California Hawaii Oregon Washington
International marine conservation organisations	International Union for Conservation of Nature World Wide Fund for Nature
Related	Biodiversity Marine biodiversity Marine ecoregion Marine protected area Protected area
Categories: Marine protected areas Commons

v t e Marine energy
Wave power	List of wave power stations List of wave power projects Australia New Zealand United States Scotland
Tidal power	List of tidal power stations Tidal barrage Tidal stream generator Development of tidal stream generators
Other	List of offshore wind farms Marine current power Ocean thermal energy conversion Offshore construction Osmotic power
Energy portal Renewable energy portal Oceans portal Category

v t e Seafood
Fish	Anchovy Barramundi Billfish Carp Catfish Cod Eel Flatfish Flounder Herring Mackerel Salmon Sardine Shark Sturgeon Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Whitebait
Shellfish	Abalone Cockles Conch Crab Crayfish Geoduck Krill Lobster Mussels Oysters Prawn/Shrimp Scallops Sea urchins Crustaceans Molluscs
Other seafood	Jellyfish Marine mammals Whale Octopus Sea cucumber Seaweed Squid Algae List of seafoods more...
Processed seafood	Caviar Dried fish Canned fish Cod liver oil Cured fish Fermented fish Fish fillet Fish head Fish maw Fish oil Fish sauce Fish paste Fish steak Fish stock Lutefisk Salted fish Salted squid Shark liver oil Shrimp paste Smoked fish Stockfish Surimi Roe more...
Seafood dishes	List of seafood dishes List of crab dishes List of fish dishes List of raw fish dishes List of tuna dishes Bisque Chowder Fish and chips Fish pie Fish soup Fried fish Hoe Seafood boil Shark fin soup Sushi Sushi bake more...
Health hazards	Ciguatera Fish diseases and parasites Mercury in fish Metagonimiasis Scombroid food poisoning Shellfish poisoning
Advisory services	Seafood mislabelling Sustainable seafood Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
Animal welfare	Declawing of crabs Eyestalk ablation Eating live seafood Goldfish swallowing Live fish trade Pain in fish Pain in crustaceans Shark finning
Related topics	Fish preservation Fish processing Gathering seafood by hand History of seafood History of sushi List of seafood companies Pescetarianism Raw bar Salmon cannery Seafood restaurant
Food portal Category: Seafood

v t e Seas of the Philippines
Ocean	Pacific Ocean
Sea	Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Philippine Sea Samar Sea Sibuyan Sea South China Sea West Philippine Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Sea
Straits	Babuyan Channel Balabac Strait Balintang Channel Basilan Strait Burias Pass Canigao Channel Cebu Strait Guimaras Strait Iloilo Strait Jintotolo Channel Linapacan Strait Luzon Strait Maqueda Channel Mindoro Strait Polillo Strait San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Surigao Strait Tablas Strait Tañon Strait Tapiantana Channel Ticao Pass Verde Island Passage
Gulf	Albay Gulf Asid Gulf Davao Gulf Lagonoy Gulf Leyte Gulf Lingayen Gulf Moro Gulf Panay Gulf Ragay Gulf
Category Oceans portal Philippines portal

v t e Timeline of largest passenger ships
Briefly held the title before the preceding ship reclaimed it† Shared record‡
SS Royal William (1831) SS Great Western (1837) SS British Queen (1839) SS President (1840)† SS Great Britain (1843) RMS Atrato (1853) SS Adriatic (1857) SS Great Eastern (1858) SS City of New York (1888) RMS Campania (1893)‡ SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1897) RMS Oceanic (1899) RMS Celtic (1901) RMS Cedric (1903) RMS Baltic (1904) RMS Empress of Scotland (1906) RMS Lusitania (1907) RMS Mauretania (1907) RMS Olympic (1911) RMS Titanic (1912)† SS Imperator (1913) SS Vaterland (1913) RMS Majestic (1922) SS Normandie (1935) RMS Queen Mary (1936)† RMS Queen Elizabeth (1942) SS France (1972) MS Sovereign of the Seas (1987)† Sun Princess (1995) MS Carnival Destiny (1996) MS Grand Princess (1998) MS Voyager of the Seas (1999) MS Explorer of the Seas (2000) MS Navigator of the Seas (2002) RMS Queen Mary 2 (2003) MS Freedom of the Seas (2006) Liberty of the Seas (2007) Oasis of the Seas (2009)‡ Harmony of the Seas (2016) Symphony of the Seas (2018) Wonder of the Seas (2022) Icon of the Seas (2023)‡
Oceans portal

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Admiralty law

Admiralty and maritime law

History
Code of Hammurabi Corpus Juris Civilis Digesta Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris Amalfian Laws Hanseatic League
Features
Fishing Illegal Fisheries law Maritime transport Shipping/ferry Cargo Freight Shipbuilding Merchant marine Cargo ship Passenger ship Mortgage Registration Marine insurance Act of God Cargo Collision General average Seaworthiness Total loss Maritime security Letter of marque Drugs Piracy Pollution Smuggling Wartime prizes
Contract of carriage / charterparty
Affreightment Agency Barratry Bill of lading Brokerage Chartering Consignment Demurrage Force majeure Invoice Commercial Pro forma Laytime Lien Maritime Manifest Packing list Proof of delivery Salvage Law Terms International Waybill
Parties
Agent Factor Freight forwarder Captain (Master) The captain goes down with the ship Carrier Charterer Freight company Manager Consignee Consignor Principal Owner Seaman Mutiny Stevedore
Judiciaries
Admiralty court Vice admiralty court
International organizations
International Maritime Organization Comité Maritime International London Maritime Arbitrators Association International Association of Classification Societies (Lloyd's Register)
International conventions
Hague–Visby Rules Hamburg Rules Rotterdam Rules Maritime Labour Convention International Convention on Salvage United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) International piracy law SOLAS Convention MARPOL Convention Ballast Water Management Convention Anti-fouling Convention International Convention on Load Lines International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea SAR Convention Athens Convention Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic
International Codes
IMDG Code ISM Code ISPS Code Polar Code IGC Code IBC Code TDC Code IS Code International Grain Code IMSBC Code INF Code
v t e