Tiger reserves of India

❧

Wikipedia

Tiger reserves of India
A Bengal tiger at Pilibhit Tiger Reserve
LocationIndia
Area84,500 km2 (32,600 sq mi)
Established1973
AdministratorNational Tiger Conservation Authority

India is home to about 70% of the global wild tiger population. The Government of India launched Project Tiger in 1973, as a part of tiger conservation efforts. The initiative led to the establishment of dedicated tiger reserves — protected areas specifically designated for the conservation of tigers and its habitats, with the objective of ensuring a viable natural population of tigers. The National Tiger Conservation Authority was established in 2005 for the management of these tiger reserves. Each tiger reserve consists of a proteced core zone, free from human activity, and a buffer zone, where sustainable activities and regulated tourism are allowed.

As of 2025, there are 58 tiger reserves, covering 84,500 km2 (32,600 sq mi). The wild tiger population, which was recorded at 1,411 individuals in 2006, had grown to 3,682 in 2022. Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra have the most number of tiger reserves with six each. Nagarjunasagar Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, covering 3,296.31 km2 (1,272.71 sq mi), is the largest by area while the smallest is Orang in Assam, with an area of 492 km2 (190 sq mi). Jim Corbett holds the largest population of tigers (231), while no tigers were recorded in the Dampa, Buxa, and Palamau tiger reserves.

Project Tiger

Project Tiger was initiated in 1973 as per the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of the Government of India. Under the project, dedicated protected areas called tiger reserves, were initiated to protect the Bengal tiger and its habitats. These reserves were established with an aim to ensure a viable, healthy population of wild tigers in India, free-ranging in their natural habitat.[1] In 2006, the National Tiger Conservation Authority was established to administer the tiger reserves.[1]

Amongst the core objectives of the tiger reserves is to protect the tiger population from threats such as poaching, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict. These reserves also aim to maintain the ecological integrity of tiger habitats, and to promote education, and awareness about tiger conservation. The tiger reserves also serve as key sites for monitoring tiger populations, studying their behavior, and research such as the impact of climate change and human encroachment on wildlife. These reserves also aim to maintain a genetic diversity by establishing wildlife corridors that allow tigers to migrate and interbreed across landscapes.[2][3]

The tiger reserves consist of a strictly protected core area where human activity is prohibited, and a buffer zone which is a mix of forested and non-forested land. Eco-development and community participation are encouraged in the buffer zones.[1] While the union government provides funding, the state governments are responsible for preparing a Tiger Conservation Plan which includes planning and management of notified areas and maintaining the requisite competent staff to ensure the protection of the tiger reserve and providing inputs for maintaining a viable population of tigers, co-predators and prey animals.[2][3]

Tiger population

Growth in Tiger population

In 2006, it was estimated that there were 1,411 tigers living in the wild, the lowest ever recorded.[4] The 2010 national tiger assessment estimated the total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. The wild tiger population in India was 2,226 in 2014, an increase of 30.5% from the 2010 estimate.[5]

In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,967 wild tigers in existence in India.[6] As per the 2022 census, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is about 70% of the global wild tiger population.[7] Amongst the tiger reserves, Jim Corbett had the maximum tiger population (231) and the highest density of tigers (14).[8]

Tiger reserves

In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of 9,115 km2 (3,519 sq mi) had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of 24,700 km2 (9,500 sq mi). More than 1,100 tigers were estimated to inhabit the reserves by 1984.[9] By 1997, there were 23 tiger reserves, encompassing an area of 33,000 km2 (13,000 sq mi).[10] As of March 2025, there are 58 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves.[11]

List

List of tiger reserves[13][14]
Name Inclusion Last notified State Location Tiger population
(2022)[6]		 Area (in km2)
CoreBufferTotal
Bandipur1973–742007Karnataka11°39′42″N 76°37′38″E / 11.66167°N 76.62722°E / 11.66167; 76.62722150872.24584.061,456.3
Corbett[a]1973–742010Uttarakhand29°32′55″N 78°56′7″E / 29.54861°N 78.93528°E / 29.54861; 78.93528260821.99466.321,288.31
Kanha1973–742007Madhya Pradesh22°13′39″N 80°38′42″E / 22.22750°N 80.64500°E / 22.22750; 80.64500105917.431,134.362,051.79
Manas1973–742008Assam26°43′0″N 90°56′0″E / 26.71667°N 90.93333°E / 26.71667; 90.9333358526.222,310.882,837.10
Melghat1973–742007Maharashtra21°26′45″N 77°11′50″E / 21.44583°N 77.19722°E / 21.44583; 77.19722571,500.491,268.032,768.52
Palamau1973–742012Jharkhand23°41′20″N 84°14′56″E / 23.68889°N 84.24889°E / 23.68889; 84.248891414.08715.851,129.93
Ranthambore1973–742007Rajasthan26°01′02″N 76°30′09″E / 26.01722°N 76.50250°E / 26.01722; 76.50250571,113.36297.921,411.29
Similipal1973–742007Odisha21°50′0″N 86°20′0″E / 21.83333°N 86.33333°E / 21.83333; 86.33333161,194.751,555.252,750
Sunderbans1973–742007West Bengal21°50′17″N 88°53′07″E / 21.83806°N 88.88528°E / 21.83806; 88.885281001,699.62885.272,584.89
Periyar1978–792007Kerala9°34′39″N 77°10′48″E / 9.57750°N 77.18000°E / 9.57750; 77.1800030881.0044.00925.00
Sariska1978–792007Rajasthan27°19′3″N 76°26′13″E / 27.31750°N 76.43694°E / 27.31750; 76.4369419881.11332.231,213.34
Buxa1982–832009West Bengal26°39′0″N 89°34′48″E / 26.65000°N 89.58000°E / 26.65000; 89.580001390.58367.32757.90
Indravati1982–832009Chhattisgarh19°12′18″N 81°1′53″E / 19.20500°N 81.03139°E / 19.20500; 81.0313911,258.371,540.702,799.07
Namdapha1982–831987Arunachal Pradesh27°29′0″N 96°23′0″E / 27.48333°N 96.38333°E / 27.48333; 96.3833311,807.82245.002,052.82
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam1982–832007Andhra Pradesh16°18′0″N 78°59′0″E / 16.30000°N 78.98333°E / 16.30000; 78.98333582,595.72700.593,296.31
Dudhwa1987–882010Uttar Pradesh28°30.5′0″N 80°40.8′0″E / 28.50833°N 80.68000°E / 28.50833; 80.680001351,093.791,107.982,201.77
Kalakad-Mundanthurai1988–892007Tamil Nadu8°41′0″N 77°19′0″E / 8.68333°N 77.31667°E / 8.68333; 77.316675895.00706.541,601.54
Valmiki1989–902012Bihar27°19′54″N 84°9′45″E / 27.33167°N 84.16250°E / 27.33167; 84.1625054598.45300.93899.38
Pench (M.P.)1992–932007Madhya Pradesh21°41′35″N 79°14′54″E / 21.69306°N 79.24833°E / 21.69306; 79.2483377411.33768.301,179.63
Tadoba-Andhari1993–942007Maharashtra20°16′0″N 79°24′0″E / 20.26667°N 79.40000°E / 20.26667; 79.4000097625.821,101.771,727.59
Bandhavgarh1993–942007Madhya Pradesh23°41′58″N 80°57′43″E / 23.69944°N 80.96194°E / 23.69944; 80.96194135716.9820.031,536.93
Panna1994–952007Madhya Pradesh24°43′49.6″N 80°0′38.8″E / 24.730444°N 80.010778°E / 24.730444; 80.01077855576.131,021.971,598.10
Dampa1994–952007Mizoram23°34′0″N 92°22′0″E / 23.56667°N 92.36667°E / 23.56667; 92.366670500.00488.00988.00
Bhadra1998–992007Karnataka13°41′43.72″N 75°38′12.53″E / 13.6954778°N 75.6368139°E / 13.6954778; 75.636813928492.46571.831,064.29
Pench (MH)1998–992007Maharashtra21°41′35″N 79°14′54″E / 21.69306°N 79.24833°E / 21.69306; 79.2483348257.26483.96741.22
Pakke1999–002012Arunachal Pradesh27°05′0″N 92°51.5′0″E / 27.08333°N 92.85833°E / 27.08333; 92.858336683.45515.001,198.45
Nameri1999–002000Assam27°0′36″N 92°47′24″E / 27.01000°N 92.79000°E / 27.01000; 92.790003320.00144.00464.00
Satpura1999–002007Madhya Pradesh22°29′42″N 78°13′52″E / 22.49500°N 78.23111°E / 22.49500; 78.23111501,339.26794.042,133.31
Anamalai2008–092007Tamil Nadu10.4170°0′00″N 77.0567°0′00″E / 10.41700°N 77.05670°E / 10.41700; 77.0567016958.59521.281,479.87
Udanti–Sitanadi2008–092009Chhattisgarh20.1857°0′00″N 81.9362°0′00″E / 20.18570°N 81.93620°E / 20.18570; 81.936201851.09991.451,842.54
Satkosia2008–092007Odisha20°32′24″N 84°49′54″E / 20.54000°N 84.83167°E / 20.54000; 84.831670523.61440.26963.87
Kaziranga2008–092007Assam26°40′0″N 93°21′0″E / 26.66667°N 93.35000°E / 26.66667; 93.35000104625.58548.001,173.58
Achanakmar2008–092009Chhattisgarh22°26′11.6″N 81°50′18.5″E / 22.436556°N 81.838472°E / 22.436556; 81.8384725626.19287.82914.02
Kali2008–092007Karnataka14°57′23.04″N 74°15′7.56″E / 14.9564000°N 74.2521000°E / 14.9564000; 74.252100017814.88282.631,097.51
Sanjay Dhubri2008–092011Madhya Pradesh23°53′7″N 82°3′19″E / 23.88528°N 82.05528°E / 23.88528; 82.0552816812.57861.931,674.5
Mudumalai2008–092007Tamil Nadu11°36′0″N 76°30′0″E / 11.60000°N 76.50000°E / 11.60000; 76.50000114321.00367.59688.59
Nagarhole2008–092007Karnataka12°3′36″N 76°9′4″E / 12.06000°N 76.15111°E / 12.06000; 76.15111141643.35562.411,205.76
Parambikulam2008–092009Kerala10°23′0″N 76°42′30″E / 10.38333°N 76.70833°E / 10.38333; 76.7083331390.89252.77643.66
Sahyadri2009–102012Maharashtra17°29′10″N 73°48′32″E / 17.48611°N 73.80889°E / 17.48611; 73.808890612.00565.451,165.57
Biligiri Ranganatha Temple2010–112007Karnataka11°59′38″N 77°8′26″E / 11.99389°N 77.14056°E / 11.99389; 77.1405637359.10215.72574.82
Kawal2012–132012Telangana18°59′38″N 79°15′0″E / 18.99389°N 79.25000°E / 18.99389; 79.250000892.231,123.212,015.44
Sathyamangalam2013–142013Tamil Nadu11°38′24″N 77°13′34″E / 11.64000°N 77.22611°E / 11.64000; 77.2261185793.49614.911,408.40
Mukandra Hills2013–142013Rajasthan24°52′05″N 75°51′22″E / 24.86806°N 75.85611°E / 24.86806; 75.856111417.17342.82759.99
Nawegaon–Nagzira2013–142015Maharashtra20°56′0″N 80°10′0″E / 20.93333°N 80.16667°E / 20.93333; 80.1666711653.671,241.271,894.94
Amrabad20142015Telangana16.38°0′00″N 78.83°0′00″E / 16.38000°N 78.83000°E / 16.38000; 78.83000122,166.37445.022,611.39
Pilibhit20142014Uttar Pradesh28°43′7.7196″N 80°4′19.0848″E / 28.718811000°N 80.071968000°E / 28.718811000; 80.07196800063602.79127.45730.25
Bor20142012Maharashtra20°58′39″N 78°40′33″E / 20.97750°N 78.67583°E / 20.97750; 78.675839138.12678.15816.27
Rajaji20152015Uttarakhand30°03′29″N 78°10′22″E / 30.05806°N 78.17278°E / 30.05806; 78.1727854819.54255.631,075.17
Orang20162016Assam26°33′25″N 92°19′40″E / 26.55694°N 92.32778°E / 26.55694; 92.327781679.28413.18492.46
Kamlang20162017Arunachal Pradesh27°40′0″N 96°26′0″E / 27.66667°N 96.43333°E / 27.66667; 96.433330671.00112.00783.00
Srivilliputhur–Megamalai20212021Tamil Nadu09°23′38″N 77°21′51″E / 9.39389°N 77.36417°E / 9.39389; 77.3641712641.86374.71,016.57
Ramgarh Vishdhari20222022Rajasthan25°59′0″N 75°19′0″E / 25.98333°N 75.31667°E / 25.98333; 75.316671481.911,019.991,501.90
Ranipur20222022Uttar Pradesh24.96°0′00″N 81.064°0′00″E / 24.96000°N 81.06400°E / 24.96000; 81.064000230.31299.05529.36
Veerangana Durgavati20232023Madhya Pradesh23.54°0′00″N 79.72°0′00″E / 23.54000°N 79.72000°E / 23.54000; 79.7200001,414.00925.122,339.12
Dholpur-Karauli20232023Rajasthan26.5°0′00″N 77.02°0′00″E / 26.50000°N 77.02000°E / 26.50000; 77.020000599.640.00599.64
Guru Ghasidas–Tamor Pingla20242024Chhattisgarh23°36′07″N 82°28′19″E / 23.60194°N 82.47194°E / 23.60194; 82.4719402,049.23780.152,829.38
Ratapani20242024Madhya Pradesh22°55′3.1″N 77°43′20″E / 22.917528°N 77.72222°E / 22.917528; 77.722220763.81507.651,271.47
Madhav20242024Madhya Pradesh25°30′00″N 77°49′00″E / 25.50000°N 77.81667°E / 25.50000; 77.816675355.001,276.001,751.00

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Project Tiger". National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  2. 1 2 Tiger reserves (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  3. 1 2 "Project Tiger" (PDF). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  4. ↑ "India's tiger population sees 33% increase". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Tiger Estimate in India" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. March 28, 2011. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  6. 1 2 Qureshi, Q.; Jhala, Y. V.; Yadav, S. P. & Mallick, A. (2023). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 (PDF) (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority and Wildlife Institute of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  7. ↑ 2022 tiger census (PDF). National Tiger Conservation Authority (Report). Retrieved June 1, 2025.
  8. ↑ Assessment of forest cover of India's Tiger Reserves (PDF). FSI (Report). Retrieved June 1, 2025.
  9. ↑ Panwar, H. S. (1987). "Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future". In Tilson, R. L.; Sel, U. S. (eds.). Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Park Ridge, N.J.: Minnesota Zoological Garden, IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 110–117. ISBN 978-0-815-51133-5.
  10. ↑ Thapar, V. (1999). "The tragedy of the Indian tiger: starting from scratch". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.). Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–306. ISBN 978-0-521-64057-2.
  11. ↑ "Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh becomes India's 58th Tiger Reserve". The Hindu. March 16, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  12. ↑ MEE summary report (PDF) (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  13. ↑ "Tiger Reserves of India". Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  14. ↑ MEE summary report (PDF) (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Tiger Reserves". Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Tiger Reserves". National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2021.

Notes

  1. ↑ Amangarh Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh is a buffer zone of Jim Corbett National Park and may not be regarded as a separate tiger reserve. It has a buffer zone of 80.6 km2 (31.1 sq mi) but no core area of critical tiger habitat.[15][16]