Joyeuse

❧

Wikipedia

Albrecht Duerer portrait of Charlemagne with Joyeuse

In medieval legend, Joyeuse (pronounced [ʒwajøz] ⓘ; Old French: Joiuse; meaning 'joyous, joyful') was the sword wielded by Charlemagne as his personal weapon.

In medieval legend, there are several versions regarding its make and origin. There is the topos that it was crafted by Galant (Wayland Smith) as mentioned in the chanson de geste of Fierabras. The hilt of Joyeuse contained a fragment of the Holy Lance that cured Longinus of blindness, and that relic accounted for its "joyous" name, as well as the French war cry Monjoie according to Chanson de Roland. The relic was among the gifts from the Emperor of Constantinople according to the Old Norse sagas. It is possible that young Charlemagne (pseudonym Mainet) while living in Spain had obtained the sword from King Galafre of Toledo, but the French Mainet [fr] did not survive complete, but the German version states the sword he got was called Galosovele, while the Spanish version does indeed state that Galfre's daughter Galiana (Galienne, Charlemagne's first wife according to the Mainet tradition[1]) gave Maynet the sword Joyosa.[2]

A sword purported to be Joyeuse was used in French royal coronation ceremonies since the 13th century, and is now kept at the Louvre.

Legend

Makers and make

Joyeuse was one of three swords crafted by Galans (Wayland Smith) according to the poem Fierabras (cf. Fierabras § 9 swords).[3][1]

Medieval literature

Chanson de Roland describes Charlemagne's arms as follows:

Si at vestut son blanc osberc saffrét,
Laciét son elme ki est ad or gemmét,
Ceinte Joiose, onches ne fut sa per,
Ki chascun jorn mudet .xxx. clartez.
Asez savom de la lance parler
Dont nostre Sire fut en la croiz naffrez:
Charles en at la more, mercit Deu,
En l’orét pont lat faite manovrer;
Por ceste honor e por ceste bontét
Li noms Joiose l’espede fut donez.

—Chanson de Roland, Oxford ms. vv. 2499–2508[6]
Translation:

He's donned his white hauberk, with broidery,[a]
Has laced his helm, jewelled with golden beads.
Girt on Joiuse, there never was its peer.
Whereon each day thirty fresh hues appear.
All of us know that lance, and well may speak
Whereby Our Lord was wounded on the Tree
Charles, by God's grace, possessed its point of steel !
His golden hilt he enshrined it underneath.
By that honour and by that sanctity
The name Joiuse was for that sword decreed.

—Moncrieff tr. (1920), vv. 2499–2508[13]

thus claiming that Joyeuse was forged to contain the Lance of Longinus within its pommel,[14] and according to the above-quoted text, this holy relic was the cause of the sword getting name Joyeuse; the poem goes on to claim the French war-cry of Monjoie stems from this sword as well.[15]

According to the Old Norse source (Karlamagnús saga, Branch I), Karl's sword received the name Giovise after he placed in the upper part of the hilt a shard of the Holy Lance. This was given him by the Greek Emperor during a sojourn to Constantinople (Miklagard), alongside other relics such as a piece of the True Cross, the sudarium (Old Norse: sveitadúkr) that wiped Jesus's brow, Christ's stockings or hose (Old Norse: hosa), and the spear of Saint Mercurius[16][17][1]

Baligant, a general of the Saracens in Chanson de Roland, named his sword Précieuse, in order not to seem inferior to Charlemagne.[20]

Even though in the first Branch of Raimbert de Paris's Chevalerie Ogier the amiral Corsuble who headed the campaign against Rome was slain by Naimes,[21] the 13th century Adenes Le Roi rewrote the story in Enfances Ogier such that Charlemagne steals credit for this kill;[22] Charlemagne, brandishing Joyeuse, struck Coruble on the head, cutting the ring of his helm, so that the blade made incursion into the opponent's brain, and the enemy soon fell dead.[23] Incidentally, this is the only mention of Joyeuse by name in this work.[24] (The differences are discussed in more detail under Ogier the Dane § Adenet le roi). In Raimbert's Branch XII, Charlemagne is described as having killed Faus[s]aron d'outre Morinde with his Joiuse.[25][26] In Branch IV, Charlemagne, still at war with Ogier as a rebel, is seen girt with the sword Joyeuse and mounted on the horse Blanchard[27][b]

In the enfances of Charlemagne, Mainet [fr], the original French poem tells of Charlemagne being driven out of his country by evil stepbrothers, taking refuge under the pseudonym Mainet (diminutive of "Magne",[28]) and fighting a crucial duel on behalf of his Spanish Saracen host King Galafre.[28] But the French poem fragment only mentions Galfre's gift horse, [29] and makes no mention of Joyeuse[30] (cf. Durendal § Mainet for more on the duel). The German version mentions the Spanish host giving a sword called "Galosevele",[31] but this is considered to be different from "Gaudeosa", the spelling of Joyeuse in the same German poem.[32] Whereas in the Spanish version, he is indeed given by Galafre's daughter, Galiana (Galienne, later to be his first wife)[33][1] (cf. § Prince Charles aka Mainet below for details such as names of works).

In the longer version of the Pseudo-Turpin, it is stated that during the fierce battle against Aigolandus in which 40,000 Christians including Roland's father Duke Milo perished,[c] Charlemagne unsheathed his sword Gaudiosa[d] slaying many of the Saracen host.[34][35][36][37]

Prince Charles aka Mainet

While there is no mention of the sword be given to Charlemagne in the chanson de geste of Prince Charles's youthful exploits in the fragmentary Mainet [fr],[e] but in its Rhenish German adaptation Karlmeinet [de] Part I, he receives a sword named Galosovele from Gallafers (=Galafre) in the advent of fighting Bremunt/Bremant as Gallafers's champion[f] Unfortunately, this is not considered to be the same as Joyeuse by commentators. Thus, when the sword Gaudeosa (Joyeuse) occurs later in Karlmeinet Part III, where he is battling against the invasion of Agolant, it is another, different piece of weapon.[38][39] It is noted that the name-form Gaudeosa probably derives from its Latin source, Pseudo-Turpin.[38][40]

Contrarily, in the Spanish adaptation of Mainet embedded in the Primera Crónica General, Don Maynet is equipped with none other than Joyosa (Joyeuse), given him by his beloved Galiana, daughter of Galafre, as he faces the challenge of fighting Bramant.[41][33][1] Ironically this Joyosa had been a gift to her from her suitor Bramant to Galiana.[g][41][33]

Modern retellings

Thomas Bulfinch's Legends of Charlemagne (1864) [1863] includes a retelling of the story of Ogier the Dane, where Ogier's sword Curtana was made of the same steel and temper as Joyeuse and Roland's Durendal.[42] Bulfinch neglected to mention Galan (Wayland Smith) as the maker of these three swords as according to Count Tressan's extracts (1782),[43] which otherwise agrees well with Bulfinch.

The above revelation came from the inscriptions (in gold[43]) written on the steel of Ogier's sword, which the king read when he unsheathed Ogier's sword Curtana, which Morgan le Fay given to Ogier by swapping some sword that the king owned and girt onto Ogier (but not identified as Joyeuse).[42] Note that in the unembellished original chansons de geste Chevalerie Ogier, the king did deign to knight Ogier with a sword he possessed.[44][45]

While Bulfinch's retelling describes Charlemagne using Joyeuse to behead the Saracen commander Corsuble,[46][47] this is more ore less as according to Adenet le Roi's version (where Charles delivers a cerebral cut, not decapitation), as explained above.

Regarding the relics in the hilt, a children's book from the early 20th century tells that "One priceless thing Charlemagne ever carried in his belt and that was Joyeuse, the Sword Jewellous, which contained in a hilt of gold and gems the head of the lance that pierced our Saviour's side. And thereto he wore a pilgrim's pouch — 'against my faring to Jerusalem, or, if that may not be, to remind me that our life is but a pilgrim's way, and our joy but a pilgrim's rest, and our hope a palm".[48]

Coronation sword of the French kings

Joyeuse displayed in the Louvre.
Louis XIV with Joyeuse (Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701)

A sword identified with Charlemagne's Joyeuse was carried in front of the Coronation processions for French kings, for the first time in 1270 (Philip III), and for the last time in 1825 (at the Coronation of Charles X). The sword was kept in the Treasury of Saint-Denis since at least 1505, before it was moved to the Louvre in 1793.

This Joyeuse as preserved today is a composite of various parts added over the centuries of use as coronation sword.[49] But at the core, it consists of a medieval blade of Oakeshott type XII, mostly dated from about the 10th century. Martin Conway argued the blade might date from the early 9th century, suggesting that it was indeed the sword of Charlemagne, while Guy Laking dated it to the early 13th century.

Joyeuse was used as a prop during the coronation of Napoleon at Notre-Dame de Paris in 1804. The count de Ségur charged with staging the ceremony scripted for the inclusion of Joyeuse in some way.[50] However, in the actual event, it was decided it would be inapt for Napoleon himself to wear the sword[h] both for political and costumery reasons, and it would merely be a part of the procession.[52][i]

The overall height is 105 cm (41+1⁄3 in) with the blade portion making up 82.8 cm (32+3⁄5 in) of that. It is 4.5 cm (1.77 in) wide at the base, and 2.2 cm (0.87 in) thick. Its total weight is 1.630 kg (3.59 pounds).

The Louvre's official website dates the pommel from the 10th to 11th centuries, the crossguard to the 12th and the scabbard to the 13th century.[53]

Eponymy

The town of Joyeuse, in Ardèche, is supposedly named after the sword. Legend has it that Charlemagne once came through here upon a hill that was inhabited, plunged his sword on the spot and fortified as castle, naming it Joyeuse after his sword.[54]

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ "broidery": the meaning of the term saffret/saffré is still disputed, according to Ross (1980), who tentatively rests on "yellow varnished" as the most plausible.[7] Many interpretations assume saffron (yellow) color, e.g., Léon Gautier (1875) who assumed a different colored brass wire wound into the steel links.[8][9] Lucien Foulet, Glossaire (attached to Bédier ed.) suggested yellow bismuth oxide coloring.[10] While in actual usage, the term seems to signify luxuriant armor dressed with gold and silver, the term saffré etymologically links to cobalt blue according to one source[9] i.e. zaffre, cognate to "sapphire".[11] Jenkins's edition (1929) [1924] glosses safrét as "blue-bordered".[12]
  2. ↑ Also, in Branch II, Blanchart d'Alier, v. 3273; in Branch III, Joiose, 5175, followed by a list of vassals
  3. ↑ Latin: "dux Milo Rotolandi genitor"
  4. ↑ Middle English: Caudiosa in Turpines Story.
  5. ↑ Cf. but Mainet is given the white horse Afilé to fight a duel,[29] and wins Durendal as trophy from it, cf. § Durendal#Mainet
  6. ↑ And successfully capturing the sword Durendart. Cf. Durendal § Mainet.
  7. ↑ So that after fighting and decapitating Bramant, Maynet obtains Durendart and now has two swords from the same former owner.
  8. ↑ Cf. various depictions of the costume, in paintings by Jacques-Louis David or by François Gérard, or the engraving reproduced Esparbès.[51]
  9. ↑ Napoleon needed a suitable theatrical sword, but the one he had which was set with the Regent Diamond had disappeared, and some swords were commissioned, but not enough for his liking to be deemed wearable for the occasion.[52]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Geddes, J., Jr., tr. (1920). La Chanson de Roland: A Modern French Translation of Theodor Müller's text of the Oxford Manuscript. Macmillan's French Classics. New York / London: Macmillan. Laisse 185, p, 104 and endnote, p. 210. (IA version)(in French)
  2. ↑ Cf. Geddes's note to Chanson de Roland, briefly touching on the saga and the Spanish version.[1]
  3. ↑ vv. 638–59. Kroeber, Auguste; Servois, Gustave [in German], eds. (1860). Fierabras: chanson de geste (in French). F. Vieweg. pp. 20–21.
  4. ↑ Stengel ed. (1900) Laisse 185
  5. ↑ Jenkins ed. (1929) [1924]Laisse 182, vv.
  6. ↑ Chanson de Roland, Oxford manuscript version.[4][5]
  7. ↑ Ross, D. J. A. (1980). "Old French". In Hatto, Arthur Thomas; Auty, Robert (eds.). Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry. MHRA Texts and Dissertations 9. Vol. 1. London: MOdern Humanities Research Association. pp. 95–96 and endnote 91. ISBN 9780900547720.
  8. ↑ Gautier ed. (1875) Ch. de Roland, {{https://www.google.com/books/edition/La_chanson_de_Roland_texte_critique_tr_e/a98IAAAAQAAJ?dq=fils+d%27archal&pg=PA382%7C2=p. 382}}
  9. 1 2 Schirling, Victor (1887). Die Verteidigungswaffen im Altfranzösichen Epos. Ausgaben und Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der romanischen Philologie 69. Marburg: N.G. Elwert. p. 36.
  10. ↑ Foulet apud Arinaga (1965), Japanese tr. of Ch. de Roland.
  11. ↑ Jenkins ed. (1929) [1924], note to v. 1032, p. 85
  12. ↑ Jenkins ed. (1929) [1924] Glossary, safrét, p. 365: "blue-bordered (hauberk)"
  13. ↑ Moncrieff tr. (1920) Laisse 183
  14. ↑ cf. Jenkin's note on Holy Lance, p. 181
  15. ↑ v. 2510.
  16. ↑ Unger ed. (1860), KS I, Cap. 50, p. 44
  17. ↑ Hieatt tr. (1975)Kms I, Ch. 50, p. 144
  18. ↑ Stengel ed. (1900) Laisse 230
  19. ↑ Jenkins ed. (1929) [1924]Laisse 229
  20. ↑ Chanson de Roland, Oxford manuscript version, vv. 3145–6[18][19]
  21. ↑ Barrois ed. (1842), p. lxxij: "L'Emir en suite, 3023; mort 3035. Ogier tue Danemon 3041. texte: "Namles va férir l'amirant (3031).. Grant cop (3033).. mort sanglant (3035)"
  22. ↑ Scheler ed. & Adenet le Roi (1874), p. XVIII.
  23. ↑ Scheler ed. & Adenet le Roi (1874): "Li bons rois Charles tint Joieuse entesée.. Le roi Corsuble.. (6222).. en la cervele lie est l'est avalée (6226).. Pour sa mort font li plusour grant criée (6231)"
  24. 1 2 Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "Joieuse, Joiose, Joiouse, Joiuse, Joieuse, Joose, Joouse: "Épée fde Charlemagne".
  25. ↑ Barrois ed. (1842) [Kalles] pus trait Joiose au poing dore en son; /Permi son elme va férir Fausaron, vv. 12866–7; Faussaron mande d'outre Morinde 9811. Morinde is a Saracen city in Spain accord. Langlois.
  26. ↑ Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "5 Fassaron: "Roi sarrasin, d'outre Morinde, tué par Charlemagne".
  27. ↑ Barrois ed. (1842) Joiose and Blançart, v. 6225–6233. later Blançart d'Alier, 6345
  28. 1 2 Keller, Hans-Erich (1995). "King Cycle". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A.; Earp, Lawrence (eds.). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. pp. 964–65. ISBN 9780824044442.
  29. 1 2 Mainet IVa, vv. 19–20, Paris ed. (1875), p. 328 analyse, p. 310
  30. ↑ The gift of the horse Afilé occurs in Ma IV, but Joyeuse is only mentioned elsewhere in Ma III.[24]
  31. 1 2 Moisan (1986), p. 366) ("Galosevele")
  32. 1 2 Moisan (1986), p. 402 ("JOIEUSE3")
  33. 1 2 3 Montgomery, Thomas (2010). "Mainet". Medieval Spanish Epic. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 55–57. ISBN 9780271041742.
  34. ↑ Castets, Ferdinand [in French], ed. (1880). "VIII. De bello Sancti Facundi ubi hastæ viruerunt". Turpini Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi. Montpellier: Société pour l'étude des langues romanes. p. 12.
  35. ↑ Smyser, Hamilton Martin, ed. (1937). "Appendix IV: A Specimen Chapter from the Longer Pseudo-Turpin". The Pseudo-Turpin, Edited from Bibliothèque Nationale, Fonds Latin, MS. 17656, with an Annotated Synopsis. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America. pp. 108–109. (Kraus Reprint copy, 1970). The appended text is based on Thornton (1934) A Collection of Photostat Reproductions with variants from Castets (1880)
  36. ↑ Frensdorff, Ferdinand [in German] (1897). "Zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsinsignien". Nachrichten von der Königlichen gesellschaft der wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse: 60.
  37. ↑ Shepherd, Stephen H. A., ed. (2004). Turpines Story: A Middle English Translation of the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle. Early English Text Society Original Series 322. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780197223253.
  38. 1 2 Bartsch, Karl (1861). Über Karlmeinet: Ein beitrag zur Karlssage. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe (J. Merz). p. 363.
  39. ↑ Cf. also Moisan's "Joieuse(3)"[32] segregated from "Galosevele", "épée donnée par Galafre à Mainet”.[31]
  40. ↑ Fürbeth, Frank [in German] (2011-12-22). "Der ›Karlmeinet‹: Vita poetica oder Vita historica Caroli Magni?: Zur Differenz von textimmanenter und textexterner Köharenz". In Simon, Anne; Andersen, Elizabeth; Eikelmann, Manfred [in German] (eds.). Texttyp und Textproduktion in der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters (in German). De Gruyter. p. 230. ISBN 9783110915662.
  41. 1 2 Menéndez Pidal, Ramón, ed. (1906). "598. De la batalia de Carlos et de bramant et de como murio Bramant". Primera crónica general de España que mandó componer Alfonso el Sabio y se continuaba bajo Sancho IV en 1289. Bailly-Bailliere é hijos. pp. 340–342.
  42. 1 2 Bulfinch, Thomas (1864). "Ogier the Dane". Legends of Charlemagne: Or, Romance of the Middle Ages. Boston: J.E. Tilton. p. 339.; The Illustrated Bulfinch's Mythology (1997) Chapter XXIV. Ogier, the Dane, p. 146
  43. 1 2 Tressan (1782), p. 75: il vit écrit en lettres d'or sur la lame: »Je m'appelle Courtain, & Galland me forgea du même acier que Joyeuse & que Durandal«.
  44. ↑ Barrois ed. (1842), p. lxxij: "Pardonne à Ogier 716; l'arme chevalier vers 747"; texte: pp. 29–31, vv. 690ff, 747ff
  45. ↑ Ludlow (1865), p. 252:"Ogier is knighted by the king, who girds him with his own sword".
  46. ↑ Bulfinch (1864), p. 336.
  47. ↑ Bulfinch (1864), p. 338.
  48. ↑ Canton, William (1907). A Child's Book of Warriors. J.M Dent & Sons.
  49. ↑ Barber, Richard (2020). "1. Arthurian Swords I:Gawain's Sword and the Legend of Weland the Smith". In Archibald, Elizabeth; Johnson, David F. (eds.). Arthurian Literature. Vol. XXXV. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781843845454.
  50. ↑ d'Esparbès, Georges (1899). L'Épopée du Sacre, 1804 - 1805. Paris: Albert Méricant. p. 134.
  51. ↑ d'Esparbès (1899), p.145
  52. 1 2 Masson, Frédéric (1908). Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoléon. Paris: Soc. d'Éd. littéraires et artistiques. p. 134.
  53. ↑ Coronation sword and scabbard of the Kings of France Archived 2021-01-03 at the Wayback Machine on the Official Website of the Louvre.
  54. ↑ de Valgorge, Ovide [in French] (1846). Souvenirs de l'Ardèche. Vol. 2. Paris: Paulin. p. 286.

Bibliography

Primary sources

(Chanson de Roland)
(Ogier)
(Mainet)
(Saga)

Retellings

  • Tressan, Louis-Élisabeth de La Vergne de, ed. (1782). "La Fleur des Batailles, ou Histoire de haut fait de Dooolin de Mayence; de Geoffroy son fils, duc de Mayence & de Danemarck; du célèbre Ogier le Danois, duc de Mayence & de Danemarck, l'un des douze Pairs preux de la cour de Charlemagne; & du duc & Preux Mervin, fils d'Ogier le Danois". Corps D'Extraits De Romans De Chevalerie. Vol. 2. Paris: Pissot, père & fils.

Secondary sources