Pechora concentration camp

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Wikipedia

Pechora (also Pechera or Pecioara; Russian: Печера or Печора) was a concentration camp operated by Romania during World War II in the village of Pechora, now in Ukraine. 48°51′41″N 28°42′39″E / 48.86140751888033°N 28.710808761276766°E / 48.86140751888033; 28.710808761276766 The concentration camp was established on the gated grounds of what had once been a private estate of the Polish noble Potocki family on the banks of the Southern Bug river, which had been converted into a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients after the Russian revolution.[1]

During World War II

Located in the Romanian zone of occupation of Ukraine, known as Transnistria Governorate, the camp was overseen by a Romanian gendarme and guarded by Ukrainian policemen with batons and rifles. Beginning in November 1941, Jews from the surrounding regions, including Tulchyn, Bratslav, Shpikov, Tostyanets, as well as, later, from more distant regions such as Mohyliv-Podilskyi were brought to Pechora to perish in the enclosed grounds. Also sent to Pechora were Romanian Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina.[2][3] At the camp, prisoners were murdered not through systematic extermination by gas or bullets, but rather through starvation, exposure to the elements, and disease such as typhus. Also, many hundreds of prisoners were violently deported further east across the Bug river to work at DG-IV slave labor camps in German-occupied Ukraine, where almost none would survive.[4][2]

According to Romanian wartime documentation, a sign that said "death camp" was installed at the camp's main gate. As with all of Transnistria's 150-plus concentration sites, the Romanian occupiers had no intention of sustaining the Jewish population under their control. In the case of Pechora, the inspector of the gendarmerie of Transnistria explicitly stated in October 1942 that Pechora was created "exclusively" for the purpose of killing its prisoners.[5]

Historians and researchers including Matatias Carp and Radu Ioanid consider Pechora to be the most infamous of all the sites established in Romanian-occupied Ukraine.[6] According to a report issued in 2004 bv the Wiesel Commission, it was among the sites of "the most hideous crimes committed against Jews during the Holocaust."[7] No photos of the camp in operation are currently available, though survivor testimonies are plentiful.[8]

The chief of the camp was a Romanian gendarme commander named Stratulat.[9] According to survivor testimony, Stratulat prevented a group of SS-affiliated ethnic Germans (belonging to the Sonderkommando Russland) from liquidating the camp's population sometime in the late summer of 1942.[1][10]

For many families interned in the Pechora camp, survival was only possible by trading the last of their clothes and possessions for food with villagers who would gather at the camp gate. Many child survivors would later report slipping out of the loosely-guarded camp and begging for food in the village of Pechora and in the surrounding communities. Many Pechora camp survivors owed their lives to the generosity of local ethnic Ukrainians, who often fed and housed them.[10][1] Generally speaking, locals in the Romanian-occupied zone of Transnistria treated Jews much more favorably than did residents of other neighboring regions such as western Ukraine and Bessarabia, where pogroms were widespread. This phenomenon within Transnistria was described in an influential study by scholars Diana Dumitru and Carter Johnson.[11]

Although estimates vary, it is believed that as many as 11,000 prisoners were brought to the Pechora camp, of which approximately 9,500 perished.[12][1] The Yad Vashem database lists the names of 4,554 Jews who died in the camp.[13] Out of these, 2,651 were Ukrainian Jews according to the Yad Vashem database.[14] Among these, 794 had lived in Mogilev-Podolski/Mohyliv-Podilskyi before World War II[15], whereas 1,198 had lived in Tulchyn.[16] By contrast, 523 of the dead Jews listed in the Yad Vashem database had lived in Romania before the war;[17] among these, 271 had lived in Bukovina[18] and 128 had lived in Bessarabia[19]. Moreover, 82 had lived in Dorohoi and the neighboring localities[20], including 10 from Darabani and the neighboring villages[21], 11 from Mihaileni and the neighboring villages[22], 35 from Saveni and neighboring villages[23] and 9 from Hertsa and neighboring villages[24]; all of these people had lived in Dorohoi County in Romania, which administratively became a part of Bukovina in 1941. If one excludes those Jews who escaped from the Pechora concentration camp, only 28 of the 3,000 Jews sent there from Mohyliv-Podilskyi to the Pechora concentration camp between October 12 and November 8, 1942 were still alive.[25][26] The dead were carted off to mass graves including trenches on the periphery of the village and to the nearby Jewish cemetery.[27][1] Between October 1942 and May 1943, 1,250 Jews from the Pechora concentration camp, where the living conditions were horrible, were handed over to the German Nazis, who killed them elsewhere.[28]

The dead were carted off to mass graves including trenches on the periphery of the village and to the nearby Jewish cemetery.[29][1] By the time the camp was liberated by the Red Army on March 17, 1944, no more than 300-400 surviving prisoners were left alive in the camp. Several hundred other survivors had managed to escape and reach nearby ghettos, particularly in 1943, where conditions were generally safer and where survivors would spend the remaining months of the war. However, they now represented the lowest stratum of ghetto society in places like the Dzhuryn ghetto, a common destination for Pechora camp escapees.[30] According to a memo of the former president of the Jewish Committee of Moghilev- Podolski/Mohyliv-Podilskyi, M. Katz, about 20% of those sent to the Pechora concentration camp escaped from there.[31] Moreover, on March 15, 1943, 220 Jews from the Pechoara camp were sent to a farm at Rahni.[32]

After World War II

After surviving the war, local Soviet-born Jewish survivors of the camp returned to their hometowns in southwestern Ukraine and largely remained there for decades, constituting the few places in Eastern Europe where Jewish life continued into the 21st century (though many families would eventually emigrate to Israel or the West).[33]

Immediately following the war, a Soviet ethnomusicologist named Moisei Beregovski visited towns in what had been northern Transnistria to speak to survivors, aware of the fact that the survival rates were much higher in Transnistria than in German-occupied Ukraine. His team recorded songs performed by Pechora survivors from Tulchin, Bratslav, Bershad, and more.[34] His team also wrote down the lyrics. Years later, the lyrics were set to new musical arrangements by a Toronto-based musical group. Their album (Yiddish Glory: The Lost Songs of World War II) was nominated for a Grammy award in 2019.[35]

In the 1950s, many of the convicted ethnic Ukrainian collaborators—against whom some survivors had testified—were released early from Soviet labor camps and returned to the communities in which they had served during the war.[36]

Given the continuity of Jewish life in the towns of what had been northern Transnistria—today, Ukraine's Vinnytsia Oblast—and the existence of postwar Yiddish-speaking communities, researchers have taken a keen interested in the remnants of Jewish life within the region. This includes scholar Jeffrey Veidlinger and groups from St. Petersburg, who visited survivors in towns like Tulchyn to interview survivors in the 1990s and early 2000s.[37][33] Preeminent Yiddish-language writer Boris Sandler has also centered the Pechora camp and the Holocaust in Romania in his works, including the novella collection Red Shoes for Rachel.[38] The Pechora camp was also the subject of a documentary by Israeli film maker Boris Maftsir, "We Allow You to Die." In 2022, the grandson of Pechora survivor Motl Braverman published a family memoir about his grandfather's survival in the camp: So They Remember: A Jewish Family's Story of Surviving the Holocaust in Soviet Ukraine.[10][39]

Today, the grounds of the former estate are known as "Pechera Park" and are open to visitors, while the main administrative building on the grounds operates as a hospital. There are relatively few reminders of its sinister role during the war. A few memorial plaques have been erected on the grounds, while a more extensive monument and additional memorial stones stand at the site of the mass grave at the nearby Jewish cemetery.[40]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Golbert, Rebecca (January 1, 2004). "Holocaust Sites in Ukraine: Pechora and the Politics of Memorialization". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 18 (2): 205–233. doi:10.1093/hgs/dch062.
  2. 1 2 Carp, Matatias (2000). Holocaust in Rumania: Facts and Documents on the Annihilation of Rumania's Jews-1940-44 (PDF). Safety Harbor, FL. ISBN 0966573471.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ↑ Kruglov, A.I. (2004). Chronology of the Holocaust in Ukraine 1941-1944 (PDF). Zaporozhye, Russia. ISBN 966-685-135-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ↑ Stone, Dan (June 2010). "Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (eds.): The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization: Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008, ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8". Jewish History. 24 (2): 225–227. doi:10.1007/s10835-009-9097-8. ISSN 0334-701X. S2CID 161077713.
  5. ↑ Carp, Matatias (2000). Simon, Andrew L. (ed.). Holocaust in Romania: Facts and Documents on the Annihilation of Romania's Jews, 1940–1944 (PDF). Safety Harbor, Florida: Simon Publications. p. 218.
  6. ↑ Ioanid, Radu (2022). Holocaust in Romania: the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3808-3. OCLC 1257549803.
  7. ↑ Wiesel, Elie, Tuvia Friling, Lya Benjamin, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu, eds. "Executive Summary." In Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, 2004. https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/en/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf.
  8. ↑ Bronshtein, Moris (2003). Dead Noose: Interviews with Former Prisoners of the Pechora Concentration Camp (PDF). Walnut Creek, CA. ISBN 978-1-300-91663-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel, eds. (2018-04-21). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. III (PDF). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02386-5.
  10. 1 2 3 Goldenshteyn, Maksim Grigoriyevich (2022). So they remember : a Jewish family's story of surviving the Holocaust in Soviet Ukraine. Norman. ISBN 978-0-8061-7606-2. OCLC 1273121512.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ↑ Dumitru, Diana; Johnson, Carter (January 2011). "Constructing Interethnic Conflict and Cooperation: Why Some People Harmed Jews and Others Helped Them during the Holocaust in Romania". World Politics. 63 (1): 1–42. doi:10.1017/S0043887110000274. ISSN 0043-8871. PMID 21591305. S2CID 24344965.
  12. ↑ Vynokurova, Faina (2010). "The Fate of Bukovinian Jews in the Ghettos and Camps of Transnistria, 1941–1944: A Review of the Source Documents at the Vinnytsa Oblast State Archive" (PDF). Holocaust and Modernity. 2 (8): 21–22.
  13. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  14. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Ukraine&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  15. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Mogilev%20Podolski&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  16. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  17. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Romania&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  18. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bukovina&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  19. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bessarabia&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  20. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Dorohoi&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  21. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Darabani&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  22. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Mihaileni&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  23. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Saveni&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  24. ↑ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Herta&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  25. ↑ Siegfried Jagendorf, Jagendorf's Foundry: A Memoir of the Romanian Holocaust, 1941-1944, Edited with Commentary by Aron Hirt-Manheimer (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991), p. 28.
  26. ↑ Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of the Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 217.
  27. ↑ "Pechora: International Jewish Cemetery Project". Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  28. ↑ Julius S. Fisher, Transnistria, The Forgotten Cemetery (South Brunswick: Thomas Yoseloff, 1969), p. 111-112.
  29. ↑ "Pechora: International Jewish Cemetery Project". Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  30. ↑ Mir-Tibon, Gali (2017-11-27), ""Am I my brother's keeper?"", The Ghetto in Global History, Routledge, pp. 127–147, doi:10.4324/9781315099774-10, ISBN 978-1-315-09977-4, retrieved 2022-12-16
  31. ↑ See. M. Katz, Extras dintr-un memoriu al Dlui M. Katz, fost presedinte al Comitetului Evreiesc din Moghilev ("Excerpt from a Memo of Mr. M. Katz, former president of the Moghilev Jewish Commitee"), in Centrul Pentru Studiul Istoriei Evreilor din Romania ("The Centre for the Study of the History of Romanian Jewry), Martiriul Evreilor din Romania, 1940-1944, Documente si Marturii ("The Martyrdom of the Jews in Romania, 1940-1944: Documents and Testimonies"), with a foreword by Dr. Moses Rosen (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1991), p. 226-227.
  32. ↑ Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of the Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 221.
  33. 1 2 Veidlinger, Jeffrey (2016). In the shadow of the shtetl : small-town Jewish life in Soviet Ukraine. Bloomington. ISBN 978-0-253-02297-4. OCLC 950895117.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ↑ "The Phonoarchive of Jewish Folklore at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine". old.archives.gov.ua. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  35. ↑ Hobbs, Greg (February 9, 2019). "CBC".
  36. ↑ Penter, Tanja (2008-09-20). "Local Collaborators on Trial". Cahiers du monde russe. 49 (2/3): 341–364. doi:10.4000/monderusse.9133. ISSN 1252-6576.
  37. ↑ Shtetl, XXI vek : Polevye issledovanii︠a︡. V. A. Dymshit︠s︡, A. L. Lʹvov, A. M. Sokolova, В. А. Дымшиц, А. Л. Львов, А. М. Соколова. Sankt-Peterburg: Izd-vo Evropeĭskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge. 2008. ISBN 978-5-94380-076-4. OCLC 318462309.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  38. ↑ Sandler, Boris (2017). Red shoes for Rachel : three novellas. Barnett Zumoff, Mikhail Krutikov (First ed.). Syracuse, New York. ISBN 978-0-8156-5406-3. OCLC 971333755.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ↑ "Book aims to shine light on Romanian role in the Holocaust". AP NEWS. 2022-02-06. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  40. ↑ "Yad Vashem: Untold Stories". Retrieved January 28, 2019.

Further reading

Anna Shternshis, "People Fell Like Flies: How Yiddish songs document history and collective action during the Holocaust in the Soviet Union"